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how to play sounds, tone sequences and short melodies with the Calliope.

EXAMPLES

The Calliope has a built-in loudspeaker that is clearly visible on the board. To play sounds and melodies, import the music module.

Playing a tone sequence

The pitch(f, 500)To play several tones in succession, enter the corresponding frequencies in a list and run through them with a for loop.

A table with tones and their frequencies can be found in the overlay window: O►

A tone with the frequency 0 is equivalent to a pause.

Program: [► WebTigerPython]

from music import *

song = [262, 294, 330, 349, 392, 392, 392, 0, 440, 440, 440, 440, 392]
for f in song: 
   pitch(f, 500)

Playing built-in melodies
Some melodies are already built in. You can find their names here ⧉► or in the documentation. You can combine playing the melodies with using the buttons. If you press button A, the melody JUMP_UP is played, if you press button B, the melody JUMP_DOWN is played.

Program: [► WebTigerPython]

from calliope_mini import *
from music import *

while True:
    if button_a.was_pressed():
        play(JUMP_UP)
    if button_b.was_pressed():
        play(JUMP_DOWN)
    sleep(10)

What happens if you press and hold the two buttons together?

An acoustic position measuring device
Measuring devices with acoustic outputs are very popular. Here you generate a sound signal whose level depends on the lateral inclination of the Calliope. Starting from an initial frequency f0 = 1000, you calculate the rising and falling tone frequencies for semitones of the well-tempered tuning and play each tone for 100 milliseconds. O►

You can switch off the tone signal with the B button.

Program: [► WebTigerPython]

from music import *
from calliope_mini import *

def beep(n):
    freq = int(f0 * r**n)
    pitch(int(r**n * f0), 100)
    sleep(50)

f0 = 1000
r = 2**(1/12)
while not button_b.was_pressed():
    n = int(accelerometer.get_x() / 100)
    beep(n)
    sleep(10)

Microphone

The Calliope has a microphone that can detect sounds. The microphone is only 3x4 mm in size. The function isClicked(level , rearm_time) returns True if the sound level exceeds the specified level (level = 1...500). The detection is then suppressed during the rearm_time .

In your program, the sound level is set to 20. The microphone already reacts to faint noises (whistling, clapping, table tapping, etc.). However, you must wait until the program has started and “starting” is displayed in the terminal window. If a sound is detected, several LEDs light up on the display for 500 milliseconds.

Program: [► WebTigerPython]

from calliope_mini import *
from cpmike import *
    
print("starting")
while True:
    if isClicked(level = 20, rearm_time = 800):
        display.show(Image.DIAMOND)
        sleep(500)
        display.clear()

Connecting headphones or speakers

Instead of the built-in buzzer, which does not reproduce the sounds very well, you can connect external headphones or active speakers (with a built-in amplifier) to the Calliope. You will need two cables with crocodile clips. Use the first cable (here yellow) to connect the GND pin to the rear part of the headphone plug. Use the second cable (here red) to connect pin 1 to the front part of the headphone plug.

To output the sound via pin1, you must import the calliope_mini module and set the parameter pin to pin1 in the pitch() or play() function.

To hear the sound in both earpieces, you must try to attach the red crocodile clip so that it touches the two front parts of the plug.

Program: [► WebTigerPython]

from music import *
from calliope_mini import *

print("starting")
play(ENTERTAINER, pin = pin1)

REMEMBER ...

You must connect the headphones to the outputs labeled GND and P1. Play a tone with the frequency f with the command pitch(f, time). With play(song) you can play entire melodies, either as a tone sequence or in musical notation.
The built-in microphone detects ambient noise.

TO SOLVE BY YOURSELF

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL

Playing melodies in musical notation

The notation adheres to the following rules:

• The twelve semitones of an octave are labeled C, C#, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, G#, A, A#, B (also with lowercase letters). The note “R” is used for the rest
• If you want to change the octave, write an octave number after the note, i.e. C2 for the second octave (at the beginning you are in the 4th octave). This octave then applies to all subsequent notes until an octave number is entered again
  
• A colon with an indication of the duration (in ticks) can be placed after the note. All subsequent notes are then played with this duration until a new duration is specified.

To compose a melody, write the notes in a list, for example in the following program for a major and subsequent minor chord.

Program: [► WebTigerPython]

from music import *

melody = ['e:4', 'f#', 'g#', 'r:2', 'e', 'f#', 'g:4']
play(melody)

Morse code

Morse code is used to transmit messages. Letters, punctuation marks and numbers are coded as a short signal, long signal and pause. You can easily create Morse messages using the built-in loudspeaker. It is useful to store the code in a Python dictionary.

Program: [► WebTigerPython]

from calliope_mini import *
from music import *

dt = 100 # adapt to your speed

morse = {
'a':'.-'   , 'b':'-...' , 'c':'-.-.' , 'd':'-..'  , 'e':'.'    ,
'f':'..-.' , 'g':'--.'  , 'h':'....' , 'i':'..'   , 'j':'.---' ,
'k':'-.-'  , 'l':'.-..' , 'm':'--'   , 'n':'-.'   , 'o':'---'  ,
'p':'.--.' , 'q':'--.-' , 'r':'.-.'  , 's':'...'  , 't':'-'    ,
'u':'..-'  , 'v':'...-' , 'w':'.--'  , 'x':'-..-' , 'y':'-.--' ,
'z':'--..' , '1':'.----', '2':'..---', '3':'...--', '4':'....-',
'5':'.....', '6':'-....', '7':'--...', '8':'---..', '9':'----.',
'0':'-----', '-':'-....-', '?':'..--..', ',':'--..--', ':':'---...',
'=':'-...-'}

def dot():
    pitch(1000, dt)
    sleep(dt)

def dash():
    pitch(1000, 3 * dt)
    sleep(dt)

def transmit(text):
    for c in text:
        if c == " ":
            sleep(4 * dt)
        else:
            c = c.lower()
            if c in morse:
                k = morse[c]
                for x in k:
                    if x == '.':
                        dot()
                    else:
                        dash()
            sleep(2 * dt)

transmit("komme morgen abend")

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